All Polish Tenses, in perfect order.
Polish has three core tenses â past, present, future â but aspect (dokonany / niedokonany: perfective / imperfective) splits the future in two, genders colour the past, and an archaic pluperfect plus the conditional round out the system. Every tense below comes with formation, usage, and examples.
0 · Aspect â read this first aspekt
Almost every Polish verb exists as a pair: imperfective (niedokonany â ongoing, habitual, no finish line) and perfective (dokonany â finished, one-time). Tense choice depends on it:
| Imperfective | Perfective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| robiÄ | zrobiÄ | to do / to get done |
| pisaÄ | napisaÄ | to write / to write (and finish) |
| czytaÄ | przeczytaÄ | to read / to read through |
| jeĆÄ | zjeĆÄ | to eat / to eat up |
| kupowaÄ | kupiÄ | to buy / to buy (once) |
zrobiÄ = âI will doâ, never âI doâ).1 · Present tense robiÄ Â· czytam · jem
Only imperfective verbs. Formation: verb stem + personal endings. Three main conjugation patterns (showing robiÄ, lubiÄ, rozumieÄ):
| Person | -Ä, -esz | -Ä, -isz/-ysz | -m, -sz |
|---|---|---|---|
| ja (I) | robiÄ | lubiÄ | rozumiem |
| ty (you) | robisz | lubisz | rozumiesz |
| on/ona/ono | robi | lubi | rozumie |
| my (we) | robimy | lubimy | rozumiemy |
| wy (you pl.) | robicie | lubicie | rozumiecie |
| oni/one (they) | robiÄ | lubiÄ | rozumiejÄ |
- Happening now: Czytam ciekawÄ ksiÄ ĆŒkÄ.I'm reading an interesting book (right now).
- Habits: Codziennie pijÄ kawÄ o siĂłdmej.I drink coffee at seven every day.
- Scheduled near future: Jutro jadÄ do Warszawy.I'm going to Warsaw tomorrow. (lit. âI goâ)
- Timeless truths: Woda wrze w stu stopniach.Water boils at 100 degrees.
robiÄ already means âI doâ. Add them only for emphasis or contrast.2 · Past tense robiĆem · zrobiĆa
Both aspects. Built on the l-participle + movable personal endings. Endings agree with gender â the speaker's (or subject's) gender changes the form:
| Person | Masculine (m) | Feminine (f) | Neuter (n) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ja | robiĆem | robiĆam | robiĆom (rare) |
| ty | robiĆeĆ | robiĆaĆ | â |
| on / ona / ono | robiĆ | robiĆa | robiĆo |
| my (virile / non-virile) | robiliĆmy (men+mixed) · robiĆyĆmy (all-female) | â | |
| wy | robiliĆcie · robiĆyĆcie | â | |
| oni / one | robili · robiĆy | â | |
- Completed (perfective):Wczoraj napisaĆem list. (man speaking)
NapisaĆam list. (woman speaking)I wrote a letter yesterday. (finished) - Ongoing / habitual (imperfective):KiedyĆ czytaĆem duĆŒo ksiÄ ĆŒek.I used to read a lot of books.Wczoraj padaĆo caĆy dzieĆ.It was raining all day yesterday. (impersonal, neuter)
- Virile vs non-virile plural:ChĆopcy grali w piĆkÄ. / Dziewczynki graĆy w piĆkÄ.The boys played / the girls played. (note -li vs -Ćy)
byĆem, a woman byĆam (âI wasâ). Mixed groups use masculine-personal (-li) forms.3 · Future simple zrobiÄ Â· napiszÄ
Perfective verbs only. Looks exactly like a present-tense conjugation â but on a perfective stem it is the future. One word, one finished action:
| Person | zrobiÄ (to get done) | napisaÄ (to write out) | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ja | zrobiÄ | napiszÄ | I will do / write |
| ty | zrobisz | napiszesz | you will do / write |
| on/ona | zrobi | napisze | he/she will ⊠|
| my | zrobimy | napiszemy | we will ⊠|
| wy | zrobicie | napiszecie | you (pl.) will ⊠|
| oni/one | zrobiÄ | napiszÄ | they will ⊠|
bÄdÄ zrobiÄ* â perfective verbs refuse the compound future. One word is all you need.4 · Future compound bÄdÄ robiÄ
Imperfective verbs only. Two pieces: future of byÄ (bÄdÄâŠ) + either the infinitive or the past (l-)participle. Both are correct:
| Person | Variant A: bÄdÄ + infinitive | Variant B: bÄdÄ + l-form (m/f) |
|---|---|---|
| ja | bÄdÄ robiÄ | bÄdÄ robiĆ / robiĆa |
| ty | bÄdziesz robiÄ | bÄdziesz robiĆ / robiĆa |
| on / ona | bÄdzie robiÄ | bÄdzie robiĆ / bÄdzie robiĆa |
| my | bÄdziemy robiÄ | bÄdziemy robili / robiĆy |
| wy | bÄdziecie robiÄ | bÄdziecie robili / robiĆy |
| oni / one | bÄdÄ robiÄ | bÄdÄ robili / robiĆy |
5 · Pluperfect byĆem zrobiĆ
The âpast of the pastâ. Formed with past of byÄ + past participle. Dead in speech, alive in literature â you'll meet it in Sienkiewicz, not at the shops:
wczeĆniej (earlier) / juĆŒ (already): JuĆŒ wyszedĆem, gdy zadzwoniĆeĆ. Recognise the pluperfect; don't produce it unless writing historical fiction, sir.6 · Conditional robiĆbym · chciaĆabym
Strictly a mood, but taught alongside tenses everywhere. Past participle + movable particle by (-bym, -byĆ, -by, -byĆmy, -byĆcie, -by):
| Person | m | f | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ja | robiĆbym | robiĆabym | I would do |
| ty | robiĆbyĆ | robiĆabyĆ | you would do |
| on / ona | robiĆby | robiĆaby | he/she would do |
| my | robilibyĆmy | robiĆybyĆmy | we would do |
| wy | robilibyĆcie | robiĆybyĆcie | you would do |
| oni / one | robiliby | robiĆyby | they would do |
- Hypotheticals:Gdybym miaĆ czas, pojechaĆbym z tobÄ .If I had time, I'd go with you.
- Polite requests (very Polish):ChciaĆbym poprosiÄ o rachunek. / Czy mĂłgĆbyĆ mi pomĂłc?I would like to ask for the bill. / Could you help me?
- Wishes:WolaĆabym zostaÄ w domu. (woman)I'd rather stay home.
bym to zrobiĆ = zrobiĆbym to. Both fine.Quick quiz, sir?
One question, drawn from the exhibits above.
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